The Eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815

The Eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 The colossal emission of Mount Tambora in April 1815 was the most remarkable volcanic ejection of the nineteenth century. The emission and the waves it activated murdered countless individuals. The greatness of the blast itself is hard to understand. It has been evaluated that Mount Tambora stood roughly 12,000 feet tall before the 1815 ejection when the top third of the mountain was totally pulverized. Adding to the catastrophes gigantic scope, the tremendous measure of residue impacted into the upper air by the Tambora emission added to an odd and exceptionally dangerous climate occasion the next year. The year 1816 got known as ​the year without a mid year. The debacle on the remote island of Sumbawa in the Indian Ocean has been dominated by the emission of the fountain of liquid magma at Krakatoa decades later, incompletely in light of the fact that the updates on Krakatoa voyaged rapidly by means of broadcast. Records of the Tambora emission were impressively rarer, yet some distinctive ones do exist. A chairman of the East India Company, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was filling in as legislative head of Java at that point, distributed a striking record of the fiasco dependent on composed reports he had gathered from English merchants and military work force. Beginnings of the Mount Tambora Disaster The island of Sumbawa, home to Mount Tambora, is situated in present-day Indonesia. At the point when the island was first found by Europeans, the mountain was believed to be a wiped out fountain of liquid magma. Notwithstanding, around three years before the 1815 ejection, the mountain appeared to spring up. Thunderings were felt, and a dim smoky cloud showed up on the culmination. On April 5, 1815, the spring of gushing lava started to eject. English dealers and pilgrims heard the sound and from the outset believed it to be the terminating of gun. There was a dread that an ocean fight was being battled close by. The Massive Eruption of Mount Tambora On the night of April 10, 1815, the emissions strengthened, and a huge significant ejection started to blow the fountain of liquid magma separated. Seen from a settlement around 15 miles toward the east, it appeared that three sections of flares shot into the sky. As per an observer on an island around 10 miles toward the south, the whole mountain seemed to transform into fluid fire. Stones of pumice in excess of six creeps in distance across started to descend upon neighboring islands. Rough breezes moved by the emissions struck settlements like ​hurricanes, and a few reports asserted that the breeze and sound-activated little quakes. Waves radiating from the island of Tambora devastated settlements on different islands, murdering a huge number of individuals. Examinations by cutting edge archeologists have discovered that an island culture on Sumbawa was totally cleared out by the Mount Tambora emission. Composed Reports of Mount Tamboras Eruption As the ejection of Mount Tambora happened before correspondence by broadcast, records of the calamity were delayed to arrive at Europe and North America. The British legislative leader of Java, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was learning a gigantic sum about the local occupants of the nearby islands while composing his 1817 book History of Java, gathered records of the ejection. Pools started his record of the Mount Tambora emission by taking note of the disarray about the wellspring of the underlying sounds: The principal blasts were heard on this Island at night of the fifth of April, they were seen in each quarter, and proceeded at stretches until the next day. The commotion was in the principal occurrence all around ascribed to inaccessible gun; to such an extent, that a unit of troops were walked from Djocjocarta [a close by province] in the desire that a neighboring post was assaulted. Also, along the coast pontoons were in two occasions dispatched in mission of an alleged boat in trouble. After the underlying blast was heard, Raffles said it was assumed that the emission was no more prominent than other volcanic ejections in that area. In any case, he noticed that on the night of April 10 amazingly noisy blasts were heard and a lot of residue started to tumble from the sky. Different workers of the East India Company in the district were guided by Raffles to submit reports about the fallout of the ejection. The records are chilling. One letter submitted to Raffles portrays how, on the morning of April 12, 1815, no daylight was obvious at 9 a.m. on a close by island. The sun had been altogether darkened by volcanic residue in the air. A letter from an Englishman on the island of Sumanap portrayed how, on the evening of April 11, 1815, by four oclock it was important to light candles. It stayed dull until the following evening. Around fourteen days after the ejection, a British official sent to convey rice to the island of Sumbawa made an examination of the island. He revealed seeing various cadavers and across the board annihilation. Nearby occupants were getting sick, and many had as of now passed on of yearning. A neighborhood ruler, the Rajah of Saugar, gave his record of the calamity to British official Lieutenant Owen Phillips. He depicted three segments of blazes emerging from the mountain when it ejected on April 10, 1815. Obviously portraying the magma stream, the Rajah said the mountain began to seem like an assemblage of fluid fire, expanding itself toward each path. The Rajah likewise depicted the impact of the breeze released by the emission: Somewhere in the range of nine and ten p.m. remains started to fall, and not long after a savage tornado followed, which blew down about each house in the town of Saugar, conveying the tops and light parts alongside it. I n the piece of Saugar connecting [Mount Tambora] its belongings were considerably more fierce, destroying by the roots the biggest trees and conveying them into the air along with men, houses, steers, and whatever else went in close vicinity to its impact. This will represent the massive number of gliding trees seen adrift. The ocean rose about twelve feet higher than it had ever been known to be previously, and totally ruined the main little spots of rice arrives in Saugar, clearing ceaselessly houses and everything inside its scope. Overall Effects of the Mount Tambora Eruption In spite of the fact that it would not be clear for over a century, the ejection of Mount Tambora added to one of the most noticeably terrible climate related catastrophes of the nineteenth century. The next year, 1816, got known as the Year Without a Summer. The residue particles impacted into the upper air from Mount Tambora were conveyed via air flows and spread over the world. By the fall of 1815, shockingly shaded nightfalls were being seen in London. What's more, the next year the climate designs in Europe and North America changed definitely. While the winter of 1815 and 1816 was genuinely conventional, the spring of 1816 turned odd. Temperatures didn't ascend true to form, and freezing temperatures persevered in certain spots well into the late spring months. Across the board crop disappointments caused hunger and even starvation in certain spots. The emission of Mount Tambora subsequently may have caused across the board setbacks on the contrary side of the world.

A Summary Of Women In Prison Criminology Essay

A Summary Of Women In Prison Criminology Essay Womens portion is one of the quickest developing sections of jail populace everywhere throughout the world, however particularly in the United States. The expanding measures of ladies are secured detainment facilities because of various reasons. A great deal of ladies in detainment facilities are medicate addicts who initially ingested medications to get away from an existence of trouble and youth injury. A great deal of were discovered being as donkeys in drugs exchanges. Additionally the fundamental piece of ladies in jail has been casualties of aggressive behavior at home some time in their lives. About all of detained ladies are from poor and common laborers families. Here are normal socioeconomics of ladies in jail, introduced by Anti-bigot bunch Committee to End the Marion Lockdown. During the years 1980 and 1993, the female populace of jail expanded almost 313%, simultaneously men increment 182% during a similar period. In 1993 the quantity of ladies was 5.8% of the absolute jail populace and 9.3% of the entire prison populace. Ladies detainees are isolated this way: African American ladies 46%, White ladies 36%, and Hispanic Women 14%. Most of imprisoned ladies are poor. So 53% of ladies in detainment facilities and 74% of ladies in prisons were jobless before imprisonment. The detaining of ladies affects her family. 67% of ladies in penitentiaries are moms of youngsters who are under 18. 70% of these ladies (and just half of men) had guardianship of their reliant kids before detainment. Measurements shows that 6% of ladies are pregnant right when they go to jail. A major measure of detained ladies had abusive behavior at home. 32% of detained ladies (almost 4,000 ladies) are in penitentiaries on account of murders of their spouses, exes or sweethearts. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~kastor/strolling steel-95/ws-ladies in-prison.html Ladies in jail experience the ill effects of viciousness, separation and other sort of shameful acts. It is realized that 57% of detained ladies have had extreme and drawn out sexual and physical maltreatment. (3 Cristina Rathbone, A World Apart, Random House, May 2005, p. 22.). Being in jail, ladies are objects of sexual unfortunate behavior from restorative staff and different detainees. (4 GAO report Women in Prison: Sexual Misconduct by Correctional Staff June 1999, p.9). People are similar exposed to detainment yet little consideration has been given to the different needs and issues of detained ladies rather than those of men. This oversight may mirror the way that ladies detainees are a little minority of the general jail populace: just four percent around the world. All through the world, the systems in jail are almost consistently made for the lion's share male jail populace and that is the reason they dont accommodate the ladies needs. Female detainees have diverse mental, physical, and enthusiastic necessities, not equivalent to men have. Detainment facilities might be not able to offer satisfactory maternity and bet natal consideration, or suitable access to female cleanliness items. Ladies can have various requirements identifying with issues, for example, substance dependence, psychological well-being, and outrage the board, sexual or physical maltreatment. Ladies in jails have a more significant level of mental illnesses and are bound to have been survivors of a wide range of maltreatment than everyone and are at higher danger of self-mischief and self destruction. They may react contrastingly to security systems and require less cruel types of physical limitation. In mixedsex detainment facilities the security system might be lopsidedly harsher for ladies since it is intended for men. Most ladies in jail are moms as well as the fundamental carer for kids, in this manner it is especially significant that ways be found of helping them to keep up family ties. Research shows that custodial sentences are not suitable for some ladies and not compelling in decreasing culpable or reoffending. The experience of detainment can have harming impacts for the two moms and their kids and can intensify psychological well-being issues or tricky medication or liquor dependence among ladies in jail. In this way, here is a depiction of all degrees of detainment, the portrayal of womens life in jail and the predetermination of offspring of ladies in jail. 1. Capture of a lady. Cops may not ask whether the lady they are capturing has youngsters or permit her an opportunity to disclose to the kids what's going on or make game plans for their consideration. This expands the tension of the two kids and moms and makes the capture increasingly hard for the official. 2. Pre-preliminary confinement. Ladies might be bound to be put in pre-preliminary detainment than men. This is on the grounds that on the markers used to decide a people probability of slipping away before preliminary, (for example, secure business and claiming or leasing property in ones own name) ladies will in general come out lower. Factors, for example, caring obligations are not considered. Regardless of whether a lady is absolved at preliminary, she may have lost her employment, her home or her place on emotional well-being or medication recovery programs meanwhile. For kids, having a mother put in pre-preliminary confinement has huge numbers of indistinguishable impacts from having a mother detained following conviction. 3. Condemning. In spite of their factually little extent in the general jail populace, the pace of detainment of ladies is expanding quickly. The explanations behind this seem, by all accounts, to be changes in condemning strategy and law implementation needs, instead of an adjustment in the sum or seriousness of wrongdoing where ladies are included. Seriousness of sentence. Perspectives towards ladies hoodlums may prompt harsher sentences, including detainment for offenses for which men would not be detained. Some oppression ladies mirrors the social culture as opposed to explicitly the criminal equity framework: consequently negating social mores may prompt ladies being condemned. Sort of wrongdoing. In many nations, ladies are in jail for peaceful, property or medication offenses. For the most part, ladies have a lower inclusion in genuine savagery, criminal harm and expert wrongdoing. Length of sentence. In numerous nations, a generally high extent of female detainees seem to carry out genuinely short jail punishments. It ought to be borne at the top of the priority list that a short sentence, for instance a half year, might be similarly as problematic as a more drawn out sentence for a lady detainee, who may lose her kids, her employment, and her home because of the sentence. 4. Penitentiaries. The number, type, topographical area and dispersion of national jails will influence the nature of womens detainment. The arrangement in a nation is normally a pragmatic matter of the assets accessible, and furthermore mirrors the reformatory way of thinking of that nation. A few elements are delineated beneath. Area. Since there are less female detainees there are less single-sex jails for ladies. Ladies who are held in single-sex detainment facilities are in this manner bound to be held significant distances from their families and networks than men, making visiting and the upkeep of family ties progressively troublesome. This is particularly dangerous for ladies who were the sole carers of ward kids before their detainment. It likewise influences other explicit classifications of female detainees, for example, adolescents, whose numbers are significantly littler. Level of security. Levels of security in jail are for the most part set up to stop men getting away, which may imply that penitentiaries are excessively harsher for ladies. What's more, the more modest number of womens jails contrasted with mens implies that there is less chance to give organizations of various security groupings. The detainment facilities systems will be controlled by the most extreme security necessity, implying that numerous ladies will be held by a security arrangement that is stricter than could be legitimized by any evaluation of the hazard that they present. Mutual offices. Ladies with various requirements and a past filled with culpable might be improperly held together under a similar security system. Now and then ladies anticipating preliminary are held with ladies who have been condemned, which is in opposition to best practice. Ladies who are confined in detainment facilities which likewise hold men might be required to share offices and go to classes with male detainees. This is certainly not a reasonable situation for ladies who have encountered manhandle or require severe detachment from men. Congestion. Jails are frequently packed and offer diminished exercise offices, and time spent out of cells. This weight may likewise lessen the quantities of accessible rehabilitative projects instructive, professional, directing just as of medication and liquor reliance programs. Instruction, preparing and work. Detainment facilities may offer a scope of instructive and work openings obligatory work or intentional work (either paid or unpaid). In single-sex detainment facilities where there are hardly any ladies, access to instruction, preparing and work openings might be seriously restricted. In blended sex penitentiaries ladies might be required to go to classes or work with male detainees. This might be unsatisfactory and in any event, compromising for certain ladies. In certain nations, ladies detainees are given generally female employments, for example, providing food or sewing. This isn't an issue if there is a business opportunity for such abilities outside the jail yet employments ought not be designated basically due to the sexual orientation of the detainee. Ladies whose youngsters live with them in jail will most likely be unable to work or take training courses if there are no childcare offices. Open doors for detainees anticipating preliminary and condemned detainees may likewise contrast altogether. 5. Physical wellbeing human services General wellbeing and human services. Ladies detainees endure poor physical and psychological well-being at rates and with a seriousness far surpassing those of male detainees or of ladies in everyone. A portion of this might be identified with the reasons why they have been detained, for instance medicate use and thus sedate reliance and related medical issues. Sexual maltreatment and abuse of ladies previously and during detainment can prompt gynecological issues, HIV and other sexuall

Kiip

Kiip INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco with Brian from Kiip. Brian, who are you and what do you do?Brian: Im the founder and CEO of Kiip and Kiip is a rewards platform thats embed about 3.000 apps today. It actually takes these moments of achievement, that we call it, so when you level up in a game, or you finish a to do, or you log a run, in that moment, instead of putting an annoying ad there we say Hey, why dont we actually reward you with something from a brand that you might like.Martin: Great.Martin: You are quite young and you started your company around about 3 years ago. Can you tell us a little bit more about the background of yourself?Brian: I was born and raised at Vancouver, Canada originally and I actually moved down to San Francisco to work in a company called Digg. Digg at the time was very big, it was about the same size if not bigger than Reddit. But unfortunately Digg actually ended up losing and I actually got laid off six months into the job. Now, after I got laid off, it was when I kind of found myself with extra time and I was trying to come up with something to do next, and thats when I got the idea for Kiip. And I came up with the idea, met some venture capitalists, ended up raising like a seed round, and started the company then. Im also a little bit younger than normal, I skipped four grades in elementary school and high school, so I graduated college when I was 18. So, I started the company when I was 19.Martin: And can you tell us a little bit more about how you found this business idea?Brian: Yeah, so, I was on a flight, I remember looking to my left and to my right, they call it the idle creep, and in that moment in time I realized that there were lot of people on their phones, playing games. And what I was very curious is why gaming was so popular, why people loved it so much, and it struck me that there was this thing that people are addicted to, its kind of like this dopamine rush, this euphoria, when you leveled up or hit a high score. And, unfortunately, when I saw those moments happening, a lot of it was being abused by these banner ads. And so I said Whats the better way to actually acknowledge people when theyre in these moments of elation, or potentially to reward them to acknowledge them? I also was reading this book at the time, called Predictably irrational, and parts of the book talk about this idea of serendipitous rewards, the whole notion of surprise and delight. And I was like, I think that seems very organic, seems very natural. Why cant we make our rewards serendipitous as well? So, weve put that into the model and the rest is history, we decided to make that a core part of our model, it still is part of the model today, where every single reward someone receives is a surprise and delight, which is designed to preserve what they were doing originally wasnt, for them, to use the app to get the reward, rather using the app for the sake of using it, and the reward is more like a nice gift.Martin: Ok, understood.BUSINESS MODEL OF KIIPMartin: Lets talk about the business model, Brian. I mean, you shortly described that you have some kind of ad layer putting into games. Is there more around the business model that we need to understand?Brian: We are using something that isnt a typical ad, and its not even an ad in our opinion, its a reward. So, layers on top of these moments in time, we directly integrate with the apps on one side, on the other side we have brands that come in and want to buy into these moments. So, we actually have to have a marketplace, we have to work with both developers and the brands, which is both complex but also very unique, because to own both sides is very, very tough, but very valuable once you have it. So, now we have it, and we work with now thousands of brands as well, so they come in and say Hey, we want to buy into fitness moments, for example, they pay, what we call it, cost per engagement, which is when someone actually pu ts in the email and claims the reward, and then we revenue share that with the developer. So, theres a way for the developer to make money, the brand is able to participate in the moment when someones happy, and no one annoy them with an ad, and then the user gets something valuable. So, its like a triple win, it really is a win-win-win.Martin: Great. When you started launching the company, how did you acquire the first big advertisers or maybe the developers? And how did you sort this hen-egg problem?Brian: When we brought in our first investors, one of them was obviously the venture capitalist that lead the round, but we also brought on some brand and agency folks. And one of them was founder and CEO of company called Popchips, which was a boutique snack brand, it still is doing very, doing quite well in the US; and then also the CMO of Vitaminwater. And so, those two actually brought on our first customers: Popchips and Vitaminwater. So, I think in the beginning its good to have bit of favoritism, you bring in people who like your model and they want to be able to help you and then, obviously, the next challenge is to make sure you deliver for them. So we did, and so those two were the first two brands. In the terms of the developers’ side, it was just a matter of emailing everybody we could find andMartin: So, quite easy?Brian: It wasnt that easy necessarily because we had to email like a hundred people and we finally got a few developers integrate. So, we had our first few developers and we had our first two brands, and thats whats kicked it all off.Martin: Ok, great.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk about the corporate strategy. From my perspective, you have kind of advertising market, several kind of devices that you can target, web, mobile etc. And on the other hand you have different types of, lets say, payment modes, like CPM, CPC, and maybe your type of reward. How do you plan to go forward, do you plan to stay in this so-called niche of, I call it reward mobile advertising, or do you plan to branch into other kind of mobile marketing spheres, for example?Brian: We want to be really good in one thing, and that is delivering this content at the right moment. You can be safe to assume that we will expand by looking at more moments, so, find other verticals, like travel, finance, sports, on top of the ones that we already have, like games, fitness, music, food, and productivity. And then other platforms, so imagine wearables or even consoles, or other screens, even your watch, these are things that we have begun to experiments with rewards in. I think theres enough room for our niche to be across every vertical and every platform, the other area we begin to expand into is looking at Kiip as.., almost using Kiip in an entirely different way. So, today brands and developers use us for monetization and for brand engagement. But, what weve realized was that what we were doing around rewards also helped a lot with loyalty and rewa rding. And so we actually are starting to apply the platform in loyalty purposes. So, essentially to replace loyalty programs with something thats more about instant gratification. So, Kiip essentially has become more of a platform play, there are a lot of brands as well. So, theres a lot to do in the reward and the moment category, and we are, I think, the leading company that showed people what that potential is. The sooner we go into other categories of mobile marketing, I think wed begin to dilute our value proposition, and I think thats one of the things we were very good at. We should be focusing on early moments and owning them.Martin: So you believe that the market for this reward based advertising is large enough to grow?Brian: I would say its less of the reward, and more about the moment. So, what we put in that moment is totally up to us. We can put a reward in there, we can put content in there, we can put a coupon, we can put a gift card, we can put more access, we can put, you name it, video, we can do whatever we want. The whole point is in owning this moment and weve started to do that quite aggressively on mobile, but I think owning it even more aggressively in platforms that are not just the device are very, very important for our growth.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Brian, when we are looking at the market for advertising, and just put us in the perspective of a big advertiser, who wants to put some money on the people. What are the main criteria for him to choose one of the specific marketing channels? And second question would be would the advertiser more look for an, lets say, one stop shop for advertising, where he can put all the money in different channels, or would he rather work together with different types of channels, for example you using as one?Brian: Its a great question. I think theyll always want different things. Ive always seen the pendulum swinging where some people want to consolidate at one stop shop and then they realize th at that one stop shop has control over their pricing and they dont see the transparency, they go back to having multiple partners, they do the multiple partners and they go to this too much logistical complication than they need to go back to one stop shop So, theres always going to be a place for both. Ive never really seen a marketing consolidated towards going for either. There are certainly benefits and disadvantages to both, but I think the truth that were trying to hold here is that theres no one thats been able to figure out the alternative to the banner ad. When you look at the banner ad, no one really wants to click on it on purpose, at least on phones, and so the fact that we are alternative, and potentially the answer to the challenges that theyve been experiencing on mobile engagement, makes us very indispensable. So think of us as like, everyone owns a wired telephone, but when the first cell phone came up, its not like you needed it. But when you started trying it out, you realized that it was a great alternative to being wired to the wall. And were able to provide that alternative. I think banner ads is like traditional solution, the lazy solution, but once you see what could be possible using a new type of engagement, it becomes very powerful.Martin: You are quite big already, but what are the major challenges that you are facing right now?Brian: I think the challenges are more about focusing on the platform, as we know that brands will want to buy into, its almost like trying to predict. So it was like, I would put a lot of money and investment into wearables, and see how we can play in those OS, but what if brands dont really care about that. What if they end up, and many data points are proving that even though everybody thinks thats where brands will go, they might end up doing some really retarded move, or they go back and do basic stuff. So, I dont know and you just have to bet on something. So, were going to bet on it anyways, and were g oing to move the market that way, but those are some of the challenges, making sure we focus on the right areas. And the other challenges are actually less so about marketing and customers, theres always money, theres always customers, we have no problem getting them, its more internal, about hiring and getting the right people. So, its almost as sometimes you can get as many customers as you want, but if you dont have the people in the company that are actually being able to manage that demand, than its a huge problem.Martin: And how did you check your assumptions that the customers, the advertisers want x and not y?Brian: For now, we have the luxury of doing it after weve noticed a bit of the trends. For example video, weve started doing video recently just because we knew that there was so much demand, and this was actually seven months delayed. Like, we noticed the demand in January, and then we started actually launching the product in July, and then we just announced it this m onth. So, we could be a little slower, but the thing is, especially when you know that you have an entranced way for brands to spend money on you, I think at the beginning, when youre at the earlier stages at the company, you got to try everything. For now its, we dont have to try everything, we just have to make sure that if we do try something, we invest well into it, and thats really the key.Martin: How do you manage, from the logical point, lets say the flagship products that already worked, and with some kind of new products that youre testing just the hypothesis on?Brian: Our rule, generally, is that we know that that product, at least within the next 2-3 months will lead us to some imminent revenue, we will invest in it, right, so within 2 or 3 months, and then also if I have the gut feeling. Honestly, at the end of the day, if I think that something might work out of it, then we will go for it. Theres really no other way to tell some times.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM BRIAN WONG In San Francisco (CA), we meet founder and CEO of Kiip, Brian Wong. He shares his story how he came up with the idea and founded his company, how the current business model works, as well as Brian provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in San Francisco with Brian from Kiip. Brian, who are you and what do you do?Brian: Im the founder and CEO of Kiip and Kiip is a rewards platform thats embed about 3.000 apps today. It actually takes these moments of achievement, that we call it, so when you level up in a game, or you finish a to do, or you log a run, in that moment, instead of putting an annoying ad there we say Hey, why dont we actually reward you with something from a brand that you might like.Martin: Great.Martin: You are quite young and you started your company around about 3 years ago. Can you tell us a little bit more about the background of yourself?Brian: I was born and raised at Vanco uver, Canada originally and I actually moved down to San Francisco to work in a company called Digg. Digg at the time was very big, it was about the same size if not bigger than Reddit. But unfortunately Digg actually ended up losing and I actually got laid off six months into the job. Now, after I got laid off, it was when I kind of found myself with extra time and I was trying to come up with something to do next, and thats when I got the idea for Kiip. And I came up with the idea, met some venture capitalists, ended up raising like a seed round, and started the company then. Im also a little bit younger than normal, I skipped four grades in elementary school and high school, so I graduated college when I was 18. So, I started the company when I was 19.Martin: And can you tell us a little bit more about how you found this business idea?Brian: Yeah, so, I was on a flight, I remember looking to my left and to my right, they call it the idle creep, and in that moment in time I realiz ed that there were lot of people on their phones, playing games. And what I was very curious is why gaming was so popular, why people loved it so much, and it struck me that there was this thing that people are addicted to, its kind of like this dopamine rush, this euphoria, when you leveled up or hit a high score. And, unfortunately, when I saw those moments happening, a lot of it was being abused by these banner ads. And so I said Whats the better way to actually acknowledge people when theyre in these moments of elation, or potentially to reward them to acknowledge them? I also was reading this book at the time, called Predictably irrational, and parts of the book talk about this idea of serendipitous rewards, the whole notion of surprise and delight. And I was like, I think that seems very organic, seems very natural. Why cant we make our rewards serendipitous as well? So, weve put that into the model and the rest is history, we decided to make that a core part of our model, it still is part of the model today, where every single reward someone receives is a surprise and delight, which is designed to preserve what they were doing originally wasnt, for them, to use the app to get the reward, rather using the app for the sake of using it, and the reward is more like a nice gift.Martin: Ok, understood.BUSINESS MODEL OF KIIPMartin: Lets talk about the business model, Brian. I mean, you shortly described that you have some kind of ad layer putting into games. Is there more around the business model that we need to understand?Brian: We are using something that isnt a typical ad, and its not even an ad in our opinion, its a reward. So, layers on top of these moments in time, we directly integrate with the apps on one side, on the other side we have brands that come in and want to buy into these moments. So, we actually have to have a marketplace, we have to work with both developers and the brands, which is both complex but also very unique, because to own both s ides is very, very tough, but very valuable once you have it. So, now we have it, and we work with now thousands of brands as well, so they come in and say Hey, we want to buy into fitness moments, for example, they pay, what we call it, cost per engagement, which is when someone actually puts in the email and claims the reward, and then we revenue share that with the developer. So, theres a way for the developer to make money, the brand is able to participate in the moment when someones happy, and no one annoy them with an ad, and then the user gets something valuable. So, its like a triple win, it really is a win-win-win.Martin: Great. When you started launching the company, how did you acquire the first big advertisers or maybe the developers? And how did you sort this hen-egg problem?Brian: When we brought in our first investors, one of them was obviously the venture capitalist that lead the round, but we also brought on some brand and agency folks. And one of them was founder a nd CEO of company called Popchips, which was a boutique snack brand, it still is doing very, doing quite well in the US; and then also the CMO of Vitaminwater. And so, those two actually brought on our first customers: Popchips and Vitaminwater. So, I think in the beginning its good to have bit of favoritism, you bring in people who like your model and they want to be able to help you and then, obviously, the next challenge is to make sure you deliver for them. So we did, and so those two were the first two brands. In the terms of the developers’ side, it was just a matter of emailing everybody we could find andMartin: So, quite easy?Brian: It wasnt that easy necessarily because we had to email like a hundred people and we finally got a few developers integrate. So, we had our first few developers and we had our first two brands, and thats whats kicked it all off.Martin: Ok, great.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk about the corporate strategy. From my perspective, you have kind of advertising market, several kind of devices that you can target, web, mobile etc. And on the other hand you have different types of, lets say, payment modes, like CPM, CPC, and maybe your type of reward. How do you plan to go forward, do you plan to stay in this so-called niche of, I call it reward mobile advertising, or do you plan to branch into other kind of mobile marketing spheres, for example?Brian: We want to be really good in one thing, and that is delivering this content at the right moment. You can be safe to assume that we will expand by looking at more moments, so, find other verticals, like travel, finance, sports, on top of the ones that we already have, like games, fitness, music, food, and productivity. And then other platforms, so imagine wearables or even consoles, or other screens, even your watch, these are things that we have begun to experiments with rewards in. I think theres enough room for our niche to be across every vertical and every platform, the othe r area we begin to expand into is looking at Kiip as.., almost using Kiip in an entirely different way. So, today brands and developers use us for monetization and for brand engagement. But, what weve realized was that what we were doing around rewards also helped a lot with loyalty and rewarding. And so we actually are starting to apply the platform in loyalty purposes. So, essentially to replace loyalty programs with something thats more about instant gratification. So, Kiip essentially has become more of a platform play, there are a lot of brands as well. So, theres a lot to do in the reward and the moment category, and we are, I think, the leading company that showed people what that potential is. The sooner we go into other categories of mobile marketing, I think wed begin to dilute our value proposition, and I think thats one of the things we were very good at. We should be focusing on early moments and owning them.Martin: So you believe that the market for this reward based a dvertising is large enough to grow?Brian: I would say its less of the reward, and more about the moment. So, what we put in that moment is totally up to us. We can put a reward in there, we can put content in there, we can put a coupon, we can put a gift card, we can put more access, we can put, you name it, video, we can do whatever we want. The whole point is in owning this moment and weve started to do that quite aggressively on mobile, but I think owning it even more aggressively in platforms that are not just the device are very, very important for our growth.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: Brian, when we are looking at the market for advertising, and just put us in the perspective of a big advertiser, who wants to put some money on the people. What are the main criteria for him to choose one of the specific marketing channels? And second question would be would the advertiser more look for an, lets say, one stop shop for advertising, where he can put all the money in different chann els, or would he rather work together with different types of channels, for example you using as one?Brian: Its a great question. I think theyll always want different things. Ive always seen the pendulum swinging where some people want to consolidate at one stop shop and then they realize that that one stop shop has control over their pricing and they dont see the transparency, they go back to having multiple partners, they do the multiple partners and they go to this too much logistical complication than they need to go back to one stop shop So, theres always going to be a place for both. Ive never really seen a marketing consolidated towards going for either. There are certainly benefits and disadvantages to both, but I think the truth that were trying to hold here is that theres no one thats been able to figure out the alternative to the banner ad. When you look at the banner ad, no one really wants to click on it on purpose, at least on phones, and so the fact that we are altern ative, and potentially the answer to the challenges that theyve been experiencing on mobile engagement, makes us very indispensable. So think of us as like, everyone owns a wired telephone, but when the first cell phone came up, its not like you needed it. But when you started trying it out, you realized that it was a great alternative to being wired to the wall. And were able to provide that alternative. I think banner ads is like traditional solution, the lazy solution, but once you see what could be possible using a new type of engagement, it becomes very powerful.Martin: You are quite big already, but what are the major challenges that you are facing right now?Brian: I think the challenges are more about focusing on the platform, as we know that brands will want to buy into, its almost like trying to predict. So it was like, I would put a lot of money and investment into wearables, and see how we can play in those OS, but what if brands dont really care about that. What if they end up, and many data points are proving that even though everybody thinks thats where brands will go, they might end up doing some really retarded move, or they go back and do basic stuff. So, I dont know and you just have to bet on something. So, were going to bet on it anyways, and were going to move the market that way, but those are some of the challenges, making sure we focus on the right areas. And the other challenges are actually less so about marketing and customers, theres always money, theres always customers, we have no problem getting them, its more internal, about hiring and getting the right people. So, its almost as sometimes you can get as many customers as you want, but if you dont have the people in the company that are actually being able to manage that demand, than its a huge problem.Martin: And how did you check your assumptions that the customers, the advertisers want x and not y?Brian: For now, we have the luxury of doing it after weve noticed a bit of the t rends. For example video, weve started doing video recently just because we knew that there was so much demand, and this was actually seven months delayed. Like, we noticed the demand in January, and then we started actually launching the product in July, and then we just announced it this month. So, we could be a little slower, but the thing is, especially when you know that you have an entranced way for brands to spend money on you, I think at the beginning, when youre at the earlier stages at the company, you got to try everything. For now its, we dont have to try everything, we just have to make sure that if we do try something, we invest well into it, and thats really the key.Martin: How do you manage, from the logical point, lets say the flagship products that already worked, and with some kind of new products that youre testing just the hypothesis on?Brian: Our rule, generally, is that we know that that product, at least within the next 2-3 months will lead us to some imminen t revenue, we will invest in it, right, so within 2 or 3 months, and then also if I have the gut feeling. Honestly, at the end of the day, if I think that something might work out of it, then we will go for it. Theres really no other way to tell some times.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM BRIAN WONGMartin: You are quite young as a founder, but you still have 3-4 years of experience. Our readers always are like first time entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs. What type of advice can you share with them? Maybe in raising capital at such a young age and maybe compare this situation that you had to the situation now. If you would start the company all over again, what are the differencesBrian: Yeah, its a great question. I would tell them that starting a company and then growing a company or scaling the company are two extremely different things. I would say, for me, starting a company is much easier, like you have the great idea, you can rally everyone around you, you get your first few customer s, you just, youre off to a great start. For some people its very hard to start, for me its easy. Scaling has been a little bit more difficult. And youre talking hiring the right people, sustaining customer growth, having right messaging in the marketplace, dealing with competitors, those are a lot of challenges you face on a latter side of the growth sort of equation. So, the advice Id give people for raising money, in the beginning, its actually not that hard. As long as you have great team, Im talking about amazing team, surround yourself with amazing people, like PhDs, geniuses, savants, whoever you can find that you think would be perfect for solving that problem, bring them in. Once you have that team, its really no question whether or not you can raise, if you have the right people, raising is always very easy conversation half. You might not have experience or track record, but if the people youre starting your company with does, then its another, much easier. So, again, I w ould say in the beginning just having right people is incredibly important. Also, try not to pigeonhole yourself too early on, so like making rules, remember every decision you seem to make, it seems that you can always change in the beginning, will affect you in year 3 or 4. Were talking things like howd you decide to price things, your first price ever, your first few customers in the execution, the first exception you ever made. All those things, as much as you dont thing count now, matter a lot. Around 4 years later, we still find ourselves asking, scratching our heads as to why we made certain decisions in year 1 and year 2, wishing that we would make it differently, which, again, isnt a huge deal, but little things like just deciding what the anchor price was will affect your revenues in millions. Its basically how, thats how this tiny decision that seems in the beginning would be a huge impact over 3 or 4 years.Martin: If you are put in the same situation today, what would yo u do different when raising money?Brian: I think the markets are fundamentally different today than they were four years ago. If I were to attempt to start to raise money now, I think the challenge is really making it sure that you cut through the clutter and the noise, theres too many people solving too many amazing problems. And today, I would say, honestly try to use the new sources of capital, whether it be angel list, or all the crowd funding guys, these are some areas that you could potentially explore to raise capital in a different way. I almost feel like crowd funding is a better model for some companies that can get preorders and use the demand to fund the product. But there are other companies that do need traditional sources of venture capital. As sexy as venture capital might seem, there are other ways to raise money today that are actually better for you. Venture capital has its place, but only for certain profile companies.Martin: What other types of business models a re, would be angel list, for example, applicable?Brian: I think angel is applicable if youre like a celebrity and people know of you and you just press a few buttons and you just raise like $300.000 in one go, which by the way, is very easily done if you have done something before and youre well-known in the ecosystem. If youre brand new, it is almost impossible. Ive seen people Hey, follow my company, Im like Im not following your company, I dont even know you. So, its like, there are things that will work on angels, and things that wont, and then, sometimes theres this pipe dream of the breakout company, and youre like why is he like golden child and all of a sudden everybodys pouring money. Its just, numbers-wise it just isnt going to work out for everyone. Out of the batch of YC companies, out of the batch of the ones that are favorite, out of the ones that end up showing traction by the end of the day, those are the types of companies that will end up getting funding via that m odel. But I think, honestly, if you end up befriending, in a good way, sort of like really accomplished entrepreneurs that have exited, that have a lot of liquid capital, in fact the best way to raise is actually to find the exited entrepreneurs that have too much money to throw around and dont mind throwing 50k, 100k into a round. All of the sudden, you have three of them, you have 300k. And thats more than enough to start, in my opinion, to proof an idea. So, the exited ones are the ones that will have the type of capital that can fund you in the beginning.Martin: What would be your advice on, if you built the minimum viable product, what are the key variables that you should test? In order to get, after youre getting the 300kBrian: Its really hard for the MVP, especially because you can test it with some customers Sometimes your customers dont even know what they want, so its always both sides. You get the feedback from your customers of whether or not they want to use it, and th en you find out later on that because it was so new, they didnt even know what they needed it when you first tested it. And then maybe later on they need it, like they need it like crack, they had no idea. So, I would say that the most important things are whether or not people are using it the way that you imagined they would use it, and then find out why they arent using it the way you imagined them to use it, and then use the input of how theyre using it to inform other product decisions. Because, my favorite stories come from this guy, Stewart Butterfield, that started Flickr. And then recently Slack, which is this really popular enterprise communication tool. Every time hes created these two very, very successful companies, its come from something else. So, when he started Flickr, it came from his games company, it ended up, this sharing of photos ended up becoming the Flickr product. And then for Slack, he started another games company, that didn’t work out, and then he star ted Slack again. Its almost like his model is: let me start a games company and everything else that comes with it just becomes a product, ends up becoming way more successful. Slack is being valued to almost a billion dollars now. Thats like, there are so many stories that Ive seen, not just Stewart, where they would create one thing, and the entrepreneur thinks this is one thing, and then the use case that people have of it, that ends up becoming the really successful use case, because theyre so focused on that one thing they forget to see how everybody else is using it. And then, the other use cases usually are the ones that might be the billion dollar company hiding in there. And the genius entrepreneurs are the ones that can identify that.Martin: But still, if their cash is not sufficient for having this kind of pivot, and showing some traction in this new business model, some VCs might not put money in there.Brian: But thats why you need to surround yourself with geniuses. The y can identify these things, and No, listen, you might think you have this, but you actually have this. And you need people around you that can kind of come up with those ground shattering, some sort of insights, because, too often when youre in it yourself, like myself, Im in it all the way, like really deep, its very hard for me to float up to the top and go Oh, yeah, what do we have here? Its very, very difficult, almost impossible. So, the people who are around you that can do that, or the ones that are very valuable to you.Martin: You started quite fast in the school. Are there any tips on productivity you can share with entrepreneurs?Brian: My productivity tips from year 1 to now are very different. So, year 1 is, you have no such things as sleep, you have no such thing as rest, every day counts, every minute counts. Now, its still the case, but you really need to find sole and almost space to let yourself wonder and think about things that help your business grow. Because, in the beginning, you already know your game plan. You have everything laid out, to build the company and once thats done, the company is built, has its foundation, has its revenue streams, has its sort of operational infrastructure, but now, once those things are all built, like you can bury yourself in that stuff every single day, you need to have enough time to think about what are the next products, what are the next customers, what are the big picture items we need, what are the big partnerships we need to do? You need to give yourself that extra room, which means things like not burring yourself at work just for the sake of burying yourself at work, its very easy to do that. Its very easy to stay at the office until 11pm, midnight, every day. But does that mean that youre more productive than the next guy? Probably not. You need to have that extra room to be able to see the big picture for your company as well.Martin: Might this be from your perspective one of the reasons why VC sometimes exchange in the CEO, because he might not change from this kind of Im focused on the first product, get it ship and thats it, but cannot be, its not able to take step back and think about corporate strategy and what are the next products, roadmap, etc.Brian: I cant really comment on that or know what the decision-making process is like, but I feel like I can certainly understand why some founders and CEOs decide to do certain things because they have different objectives that they enjoy spending time on. The good news is that, because I have a business degree, and I also love operating and I love being visionary at the same time. I think both of those things land nicely, I just need to acknowledge things more explicitly early on and hire operating goals, and thats what were doing right now, so were really in the middle of it right now. I think 4 years later, because Im still here, I think Im hopefully doing something ok, but theres a lot to keep in mind as a company grows .Martin: You said in the beginning that you really should focus on having rock star, super geniuses on your team. Is there some kind of rule that you identified for the number, the size of the team, and what are the criteria for such super geniuses. Whether its really only PhD, something like this, or whether you put it more on other criteria?Brian: I dont just mean PhDs, Im talking of people who have done it before, or very interested in that one single area, very entrepreneurial, maybe have the same drive as you. Those guys work really well when youre between like 3 to 7 or maybe 10 people. The moment you pass 10 people, the moment you got like 15 people maybe, youre going to lose some of these people, because they want to be part of something early on. So when I say in the early days, having those people to support now, maybe you dont want to hire another ridiculous, early stage, savant guy, because they wont survive at a 70 person company. Theyre just not designed to be in a lat er stage business. So theres different types of people you want to hire. Now, what you need is loyalty, what you need is very, almost machine like efficiency, which will come from people who have done this before, and also are very used to scaling vs. the ambiguity of the start. And so the good news is that those people wouldnt have joined your company in year 1 or year 2, but they will join your company in year 3 or year 4, which is whats happening now.Martin: And how do you find this type of savants, for example?Brian: You got to hang out with really smart people. These are big events, these are like going to things like TED, these are going to things like Davos, these are going to things like DLD, founders, all this really big events, you want smart people like that, and also three intros. Usually, smart people hang out with some people. So, once you get to know one or two or three, they all hang out in different areas and you end up getting to know them, stuff like that. The cha llenge today is that there are a lot of really big problems that need to be solved, and these smart guys are in definitely lot higher demand, so I think you want to find them in non-conventional sources, though I feel like the ones that already have done it in the whole Silicon Valley system, have extremely high views of how valuable they are. And Im not saying that they overvalue themselves, they certainly know exactly how much theyre worth, so they will charge a lot. But if you look at a guy whos a recent PhD in like University of Florida, or some random place in the US, they have no idea how cool they are, you want to find these people. Those are the guys, and gals, Im sure can be able to help you, and may not understand how they fit in the startup ecosystem yet.Martin: Ok. Imagine a friend of yours ask yourself: Brian, what is your most valuable advice that you can give me when I want to start my own company? What would you tell him?Brian: Single, most valuable piece of advice: ask a lot of people for a lot of help. Just ask people. Im talking like, even if you didnt think that person would respond to your email, just email them and ask them for help, because asking, I think, is very underrated, and you never know whats going to happen. And you might be, some parameters of your network or your intelligence, like me, I think Im not even that smart when it comes to lot of things were trying to attack, but just the fact that I ask people for help, moves the needle, gets things done, those people are willing to help, the ones that end up responding to you. If they dont respond you, its not like they would help you anyways, so it ended up being good thing that you actually open those doors. Because if you dont ask people, they dont know how to help you.Martin: Should you only ask people that you know or?Brian: No, ask people who you have no idea Ask people who are strangers. Thats the beauty of tackling the problem, is that even that you dont know this person, what will bring you together is this problem youre trying to solve. And everyone, I feel, always want something exciting to sink their teeth into, theres not a single person that I met in my life I want to have very boring, unfulfilling life. There are people who want that excitement, how much of that excitement is definitely up for you to discuss with that person, but they will certainly, in the beginning at least, want to dip their toes in there and try to at least help you in some way or fashion.Martin: Ok. Brian, thank you very much for your time.Brian: Thank you.Martin: And if you enjoyed this interview, you can have a voucher over there, clicking and Have a nice day, thank you.

`Hitler Became Chancellor in January 1933 Because He Was...

`Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany. ` How far do you agree with this judgement? The Nazi party was slowly making its ascent into the whirlwind world of politics; at first glance they appeared to be making no progress, due to this they were paid very little attention. The government’s negligence of the party allowed them to grow gradually and undetected. Although their popularity contributed to Hitler`s appointment as Chancellor, it can be argued that there were more dominant factors that assisted Hitler in his rise to power. The prematurity of the government is often seen as the underlying factor; however some historians argue that the actions of Hindenburg, Von Papen and†¦show more content†¦The depression caused a fear of communist uprising, but the Nazis very quickly swooped in and diffused the ‘communist bomb’. The parties popularity prior to the depression was not great, but once the depression became more apparent, so did there power. Hitler was able to take advantage of a country that was emotionally, politically and socially unstable. Besides the depression the Nazi use of fear tactics was another reason as to why they gained so many supporters. The people were afraid of the SA and their enforcement of violence upon anybody who dared oppose the German ideology. The depression, combined with fear assisted Hitler in his appointment to chancellor in 1933. For many Germans, Hitler was the light at the end of the tunnel, his policies appeared to be in the best interest of the people. He gave the people something to hold on to, something to believe in. his followers always felt as if they were part of something. He illustrated himself as being the only hope the country had, ``unsere letter hoffnung``. The nazis had successfully portrayed themselves as the only party that appealed to the nation, the people had no other choice but to turn to extremism. They no longer had a trustable government and the popularity of the Nazi`s appealed to them more than a turbulent government did. Although the government had made its own promises to the people, its previous blunders made them untrustworthy in the eyes of the Germans. The signing of the treaty of

A Arranged Marriage - 1992 Words

Humans, regardless of their location in the world have many aspects of their lives that are similar to one another. From daily life to traditions humans share a lot of attributes with one another in which they do not realize. One of the greatest parts of life would be finding a person out in the world that you are privileged to spend the rest of your life with. An equal half to you, someone who bares all the grueling and breath taking moments that life has planned. The practice of marriage has been around since the earliest civilizations. To this day still continues just as strong. However the possibility of finding the potential other person to spend the rest of your life can find you or can be found through an outside connection. As a result of modern social constructs and the methodology of traditional arranged marriages, they do not possess the marital requirements essential to succeed in the western culture. An arranged marriage can be defined as the union of two individuals to be married, brought together by a third party individual outside of the relationship. Throughout the course of history, arranged marriages have had a substantial role in shaping it, originally dating back centuries before and were considered a common practice around the majority of cultures. Marriage, for example in Hinduism is considered a coming together of two souls, and the longevity of it can extend into their next lives. In addition, it is also seen as a dharma meaning a mandatoryShow MoreRelatedThe Marriage Of Arranged Marriage1619 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations. Should this be the way to go about marriage, or does this hinder a person’s ability to live for themselves? In India alone, around 90% of marriages are arranged by their families (CNN). They would choose who ever they believe would best fit the person, but not necessarily love them (Queano). 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Arranged marriage is a marriage that is organized by two families for the marriage of their son or daughterRead MoreThe Marriage Of Arranged Marriage1895 Words   |  8 Pages Arranged marriage is a form of marital union in which family members or matchmakers select spouses for someone based on cultural background, financial status, dietary habits, religion and other key factors. This type of marriage is mostly practiced in the Middle East, South East Asia, Africa and some South American countries. In contrast, love marriage (free will) is a form of marriage that is used in countries that practice arranged marriages to define a marriage in which partners are allowedRead More Arranged Marriages Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pages Arranged Marriages What is an arranged marriage? Well in the Webster’s dictionary it is defined as a marriage where the marital partners are chosen by others based on considerations other than the pre-existing mutual attraction of the partners. This habit has been very common in noble families, especially in reigning ones, at the scope of combining and perhaps enforcing the respective strengths of originary families (and kingdoms) of the spouses. A relevant part of history has been influencedRead MoreArranged Marriages And Love Marriages1617 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 1A 5 May 2015 Arranged Marriage: In the broadest sense, marriages have been divided into two general categories; arranged marriages and love marriages. As the name implies, an arranged marriage is defined as a marriage where the bride and groom are exclusively selected by a third party (usually their parents), while in a love marriage, people choose their marital partners based on their feelings or attraction for one another. 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Would you consider having your marriage forced or arranged to a person you never met or seen before? Most probably no, but this is happening to many young females and males all over the world. Arranged and forced marriages have been a heated debate in certain cultures, justifying whether it is good or bad it’s hard to judge. There have however also been many changes to these traditions in contemporary society, regarding culture clashing. ResearchingRead MoreThe Procedure Of Arranged Marriages2654 Words   |  11 Pagesprocedures in which a person goes through in arranged marriages. We must first understand what arrange marriages is, its procedures and its traditions before we can talk about love marriages in comparison to it. Love marriages are marriages that are done based on love and individuals often know enough about their mate they are getting married to. My main focus in this paper is about arranged marriages in India and what individuals go through in this type of marr iage. Growing up I always knew that when one

Tddc17 †Lab 2 Search Free Essays

TDDC17 - ­? Lab 3 Part 2 Q5 P (Meltdown) = 0,02578 P(Meltdown | Ica weather) = 0. 03472 b)   Suppose that both warning sensors indicate failure. What is the risk of a meltdown in that case? Compare this result with the risk of a melt- ­? down when there is an actual pump failure and water leak. We will write a custom essay sample on Tddc17 – Lab 2 Search or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the difference? The answers must be expressed as conditional probabilities of the observed variables, P(Meltdown|†¦ ). P(Meltdown | PumpFailureWarning, WaterLeakWarning) = 0,14535 P (Meltdown | PumpFailure, WaterLeak) = 0,2 c)   The conditional robabilities for the stochastic variables are often estimated by repeated experiments or observations. Why is it sometimes very difficult to get accurate numbers for these? What conditional probabilites in the model of the plant do you think are difficult or impossible to estimate? a) What is the risk of melt- ­? down in the power plant during a day if no observations have been made? What if there is icy weather? It is hard to fully understand all possible factors that can effect or trigger an event and how they interact with each other. Observations are always a description of the past and is not always accurate in forecasting the future. E. g. Icy weather is not a thing you can measure and span over a wide range of weather conditions including combinations of precipitation, wind and temperature. d)   Assume that the â€Å"IcyWeather† variable is changed to a more accurate â€Å"Temperature† variable instead (don’t change your model). What are the different alternatives for the domain of this variable? What will happen with the robability distribution of P(WaterLeak | Temperature) in each alternative? The domain decreases in size of possible states as for example precipitation and wind is no longer a part of the estimations. The temperature will be represented as an absolute number or intervals, instead of just true or false. Resulting in a lot more defining of the probabilities of the child nodes with aspect to each value/interval of temperature. Q6 a) What does a probability table in a Bayes ian network represent? The probability table shows the probability for all states of the node given the states of the parent nodes. b)   What is a joint probability distribution? Using the chain rule on the structure of the Bayesian network to rewrite the joint distribution as a product of P(child|parent) expressions, calculate manually the particular entry in the joint distribution of P(Meltdown=F, PumpFailureWarning=F, PumpFailure=F, WaterLeakWaring=F, WaterLeak=F, IcyWeather=F). Is this a common state for the nuclear plant to be in? Kedjeregeln ger foljanade: P(alla ar falska) = P(ICYWEATHER) * P(PUMPFAILURE) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE) * P(MELTDOWN| PUMPFAILURE, WL) * P(WL | ICYWEATHER) * P(WATERLEAKW | WL) = 0,95 * 0,9 * 0,95 * 1 * 0,9 * 0,95 = 0,69 Ja, detta ar ett vanligt tillstand. c)   What is the probability of a meltdown if you know that there is both a water leak and a pump failure? Would knowing the state of any other variable matter? Explain your reasoning! P(Meltdown | PumpFailure, WaterLeak ) = 0,8. No other variables matter. When all the parents values are observed they alone determine the child value. ) Calculate manually the probability of a meltdown when you happen to know that PumpFailureWarning=F, WaterLeak=F, WaterLeakWarning=F and IcyWeather=F but you are not really sure about a pump failure. P(Meltdown = T | PUMPFAILURE osaker, resten falska )= P(ICYWEATHER) * P(WL | ICYWEATHER) * P(WATERLEAKW | WATERLEAK)* [P(PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(MELTDOWN=T | PUMPFAILURE=T,WL) + P(PUMPFAILURE=F) * P(PW | PUMPFAILUR E=F) * P(MELTDOWN=T | PUMPFAILURE=F,WL)] = 0,95 * 0,9 * 0,95 * (0,1 * 0,1 * 0,16 + 0,9 * 0,95 * 0,01) = 0,008 (1) P(MELTDOWN=F | PUMPFAILURE osaker, resten falska)=P(ICYWEATHER) * P(WL | ICYWEATHER) * P(WATERLEAKW | WL)* [P(PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE=T) * P(MELTDOWN=F | PUMPFAILURE=T,WL) @+ P(PUMPFAILURE=F) * P(PW | PUMPFAILURE=F) * P(MELTDOWN=F | PUMPFAILURE=F,WL)] = 0,95 * 0,9 * 0,95 * (0,1 * 0,1 * 0,84 + 0,9 * 0,95 * 0,99) =0,694 (2) (1) och (2) =; alfa = 1 / (0,008 + 0,69) = 1,42 0,008 * 1,42 = 0,012 0,694 * 1,42 = 0,988 Part 3 During the lunch break, the owner tries to show off for his employees by demonstrating the many features of his car stereo. To everyone’s disappointment, it doesn’t work. How did the owner’s chances of urviving the day change after this observation? Without knowing whether the radio is working or not, the probability of him surviving is 0,99001. If the radio is not working the probability is 0,98116. How   does the bicycle change the owner’s chances of survival? With the bicycle the probability of surviving is 0. 99505. Small inc rease. It   is possible to model any function in propositional logic with Bayesian Networks. What does this fact say about the complexity of exact inference in Bayesian Networks? What alternatives are there to exact inference? Yes but it might be complex and you might sometimes have to add new nodes. For example if you want to model an OR-relationship you have to add a new node with truthtable probabilities that match. An alternative to exat inference is probabilistic indifference. Things might not always be true or false with a predefined probability. With probabilistic inference yuou can reuse a full joint distribution as the â€Å"knowledge base† Part 4 Changes in graph Mr. H-S sleeping ( T = 0. 3, F = 0. 7) Mr HS reacts in a competent way: WaterleakWarn. Pumpfailurewarning Mr HS sleeping T T T T F F F F T T F F T T F F T F T F T F T F T 0. 0 0. 8 0. 0 0. 7 0. 0 0. 7 0. 0 0. 0 P(Survives | Meltdown, Mr HS reacts) incresing 9% (0. 9) The   owner had an idea that instead of employing a safety person, to replace the pump with a better one. Is it possible, in your model, to compensate for the lack of Mr H. S. ‘s expertise with a better pump? Yes, by increasing the probability of the pump not failing with 0. 05. The chance of survival increases to 0. 99713 Mr   H. S. fell asleep on one of the plant’s couches. When he wakes up he hears someone scream: â€Å"There is one or more warning signals beeping in your control room! â€Å". Mr H. S. realizes that he does not have time to fix the error before it is to late (we can assume that he wasn’t in the control room at ll). What is the chance of survival for Mr H. S. if he has a car with the same properties as the owner? (notice that this question involves a disjunction which can not be answered by querying the network as is) Clarification:Maybe something could be added to or modified in the network. By adding a new node called warning, which represents the OR-relationship of WaterLeakWarning and PumpFailureWarning, i. e. Warning is true if WaterLeakWarning is true or if PumpFailureWarning is true or if They are both true and is false if they are both false. P(survives) = 0. 98897 if Warning is observed true. What   unrealistic assumptions o you make when creating a Bayesian Netwo rk model of a person? That a persons actions are predictable and that he never gains more experience as time passes, which would effect the probabilities of his actions. Describe how you would model a more dynamic world where for example the â€Å"IcyWeather† is more likely to be true the next day if it was true the day before. You only have to consider a limited sequence of days. By adding nodes representing the weather of the previous days. E. g. one node representing the day before, one bubble representing the day before that and so on†¦ Tommy Oldeback, tomol475 Emma Ljungberg, emmlj959 How to cite Tddc17 – Lab 2 Search, Essay examples

Phil Lit free essay sample

Course Description The course is a study of literary genres exemplified by the selected literary texts from different regions of the Philippines written at different periods in the Philippine literary history. It aims to equip students with literary appreciation that may guide them towards wholesome development of the innate potentials and values. Credits 3 units Pre-Requisite Introduction to Literature Course Objectives The course has the following objectives: 1. show the relevance of the study of literature in human’s life; 2. link the present to the future based on the thoughts of the past as presented and preserved in the literary texts; 3. point out the value of reading Philippine literary texts; 4. identify and differentiate the various elements of the different genres like short story; 5. articulate the importance of each element in the proper understanding of the genres; 6. showcase the meaning and lessons derived from the literary texts; 7. recognize the value the literary prowess of the writers; 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil Lit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page help students appreciate the richness and value of Philippine literature; and 9. relate literature to human experiences. Learning Competencies Students are expected to: 1. identify the importance of literature to human endeavor; 2. relate to the characters that personify the students’ character or experience; 3. infer the message implied in the different genres; 4. assimilate the lessons in life inherent in the different literary genres; 5. choose the correct paths for self-improvement as inspired by the literary texts; 6. interpret figurative meanings of poetry and identify its elements; 7. possess positive outlook in education through selected essays; 8. read poems observing proper phrasing and expression; 9. analyze the implications of the moves and motives of the characters/persona in the different genres studied; and 10. appreciate and value the richness and imaginative power of man to express ideas/expressions. Instructional Modes/ Learning Activities 1. lecture 2. discussion 3. Pair/group work 4. Debates 5. Role play 6. Film viewing 7. Reporting 8. Storytelling 9. Recital 10. Movie and Book review Content Coverage I. Introduction A. Literature defined B. Importance of Literature C. Philippine Folk Literature D. Literary genres I. The short story A. Short story defined B. Elements of short story C. The Short Stories 1. Death into Manhood 2. How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife 3. Dead Stars 4. Faith, Love, Time and Dr. Lazaro 5. Wedding Dance 6. The House on Zapote Street 7. We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers II. Essay A. Essay defined B. Types of Essay C. Essay 1. College Uneducation 2. Sonia 3. Where is the Patis? 4. Male Homosexuality in the Philippines (Garcia) III. Poetry A. Poetry defined B. Elements of Poem C. Representative poems 1. Ink 2. Quietness 3. Like the Molave 4. Eulogy of Roaches IV. Play A. Play defined B. Elements of a Play C. Sepang Loca Learning Resources 1. CD/DVDs 2. Audio-video equipments 3. TV set 4. LCD projector/laptop 5. Textbooks 6. Newspaper/magazines 7. Internet References 1. Balarbar, Corazon V. ,et. al. Gems in Philippine Literature. Manila: National BookStore. 1989. 2. Calixihan, Jovita O. and Lucesa Y. Diano. Gems in Afro-Asian Literature. Manila: National BookStore. 1989. 3. Roseburg, A. G. Pathways to Philippine Literature in English. Phoenix Publishing House. 1996 4. Saymo, Apolinario S. Philippine Literature. Trinitas Publishing, Inc. 2004 5. Tomeldan, Yolanda V. ,et. al. Prism an Introduction to Literature. Manila: National Book Store. 1986 http://en. wikipedia. org www. seasite. niu. edu Course Requirements See www. arcy-tca. wikispaces. com for assignments and updated announcements. Additional requirements: 1. Participation in class activities (dyads, triads, groups) 2. Pass quizzes and long examinations(Midterm and Finals) 4. Perform choral reading/participate in the speech choir inter-class competition 5. Create a Letter to the World as a major project. Course Policies 1. The rule on failing mark for 20% unexcused absences shall be strictly enforced (Chapter 4, Section 2, p. 24 of TCA Student Manual). 2. Short quizzes will be given unannounced; however, schedule for long quizzes shall be announced at least one week prior to its administration. 3. Mid-Term and Final Exams shall be given only to students who have completely or partially settled their accounts for the specified period. 4. Students will be held responsible for all assignments and requirements for the entire content on the course missed regardless of reasons for his absence (Chapter 4, Section 2, p. 24 of TCA Student Manual). 5. Only students officially enrolled in the course will be allowed to attend the class. 6. Talking during examinations, possession of textbooks or notes of any kind (unless authorized), giving or receiving information or any other attempts at communication shall render the offender to disciplinary action (Chapter 5, Section 4, p. 26 of the Student Manual). 7. The professor is not obliged to give a special or late test to any student who fails to take an examination at the regular time, except upon a written request approved by the Dean of the Institute concerned (Chapter 5, Section 5, p. 26 of the Student Manual). 8. Grades of 3. 10-4. 00 are conditional failures, and must be removed by re-examination before the enrolment for the next term (Chapter 6, Section 1, p. 27 of the Student Manual). 9. When given a grade of INC. (Incomplete) , the student shall complete the grade within one year, otherwise, a grade of 5. 0 is automatically given by the registrar. 10. A student under the influence of liquor and/or any dangerous/prohibited drug shall not be allowed entry in the classroom to attend class. 11. All students enrolled in this class is advised to read Chapter 7, pp. 84-93 of the TCA Student Manual for other salient policies and guidelines. Prepared by ARCELYN N. SANGALANG THOMAS FERREBEE Instructor I US Peace Corps Volunteer Recommending Approval EMERSON CUZZAMO ARLENE F. VALDEZ Chair, BEEd Program Coordinator, Academic Program Approved NOEL J. POTERO, Ph. D. MARIA TERESA SJ. VALDEZ, Ph. D Dean, Institute of Education Vice-President, Academic Affairs TCA’s Vision : TCA as Center of Excellence in tertiary education, research, and training for sustainable agro-industrial development TCA’s Mission: Provision of tertiary education geared towards the: pursuit of a better quality of life thru sustainable agriculture food security; provision of knowledge, skills, ideas and values to make students productive, effective and competent in agro-industrial development; acceleration of the development of professionals to provide leadership in various agriculture-based disciplines; search for knowledge to harness the bio-diversity resources of the region. IEd’s Goals : High quality and excellent pre-service and post-graduate teacher education Relevance of pre-service and post-graduate training to national and international standards Effectiveness in conveying knowledge and facilitating teaching-learning processes and activities Efficiency in continuously developing human resource skills, competence, expertise, and leadership for the education sector BEEd Objectives : To produce graduates who: 1. have a competitive edge in meeting the demands of the basic education industry here and abroad 2. will become professional teachers who are efficient and effective facilitators of learning 3. possess genuine appreciation of human ideas and values of refinement, and commitment to the progress of the nation as well as of all humanity; and 4. will become teachers who are proud of their profession and who appreciate Philippine culture and that of the world.

Comical Side of Scoop essays

Comical Side of Scoop essays Evelyn Waugh was one of literature's great curmudgeons and a scathingly funny satirist. Scoop is a comedy of England's newspaper business of the 1930s and the story of William Boot, an innocent hick from the country who writes careful essays about the habits of the badger (Editorial Reviews). "With this book England's wittiest novelist sets a new standard for comic extravaganza...the real message about SCOOP is that it is thoroughly enjoyable, uproariously funny and that everyone should read it at once" (The New York Times). This is just one example of the popularity of the comical relief hidden within the bindings of the book Scoop. This book sets forth a new standard for comic extravaganza. The novel reads as though it had been formed with slapstick, but it is architecture of amazement. For example, his delightful style of the keys of typewriters in the personal quarters of one of Fleet Streets greatest press lords made no more sound than the drumming of a bishops finger tips on an upholstered prie-dieu; the buzzers of the telephones were muffled and purred like wart cats; the massive double doors, encased in New England rosewood, by their weight, polish and depravity of design, proclaimed unmistakably, Nothing but Us stand between you and Lord Copper (Waugh). Other additives were set forth with just the names of the newspapers and of the characters. Newspapers have fabulous names- the Brute, the Beast. A Communist named Pappenhacker, one of the cleverest men in Fleet Street, (Waugh 92) has difficulty finding places to eat because of his bullying of waiters (Waugh 92). This bullying has sound theory behind it. Every time you are polite to a proletarian, Pappenhacker believes, you help bolster up the capitalist system (Gelder 1). Pappenhacker hated the lower class. Another chara ...

10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Protocol or Recipe

10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Protocol or Recipe TBE and TAE are used as buffers in molecular biology, primarily for electrophoresis of nucleic acids.  Tris buffers are used under slightly basic pH conditions, as for DNA electrophoresis, because this keeps the DNA soluble in the solution and deprotonated so it will be attracted to the positive electrode and will migrate through a gel. EDTA is an ingredient in the solution because this common chelating agent protects nucleic acids from degradation by enzymes. The EDTA chelates divalent cations that are cofactors for nucleases that may contaminate the sample. However, since the magnesium cation is a cofactor for DNA polymerase and restriction enzymes, the concentration of EDTA is kept purposely low (around 1 mM concentration). 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Materials 108 g of Tris base [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]55 g of boric acid7.5 g of EDTA, disodium saltDeionized water Preparation for  the 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Dissolve the Tris, boric acid, and EDTA in 800 ml of deionized water.​Dilute the buffer to 1 L. Undissolved white clumps may be made to dissolve by placing the bottle of solution in a hot water bath. A magnetic stir bar can aid the process. You do not need to sterilize the solution. Although precipitation may occur after a span of time, the stock solution is still usable. You can adjust the pH using a pH meter and dropwise addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). Its fine to store TBE buffer at room temperature, although you may wish to filter the stock solution through a 0.22-micron filter to remove particle that would foster precipitation. 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer Storage Store the bottle of 10X buffer solution at room temperature. Refrigeration will accelerate precipitation. Using 10X TBE Electrophoresis Buffer The solution is diluted before use. Dilute 100 mL of 10X stock to 1 L with deionized water. 5X TBE Stock Solution Recipe The advantage of the 5X solution is that its less likely to precipitate. 54 g of Tris base (Trizma)27.5 grams of boric acid20 mL of 0.5 M EDTA solutionDeionized water Preparation Dissolve the Tris base and boric acid in the EDTA solution.Adjust the pH of the solution to 8.3 using concentrated HCl.Dilute the solution with deionized water to make 1 liter of 5X stock solution. The solution may also be diluted to 1X or 0.5X for electrophoresis. Using a 5X or 10X stock solution by accident will give you poor results because as much heat will be generated.  In addition to giving you poor resolution, the sample may be damaged. 0.5X TBA Buffer Recipe 5X TBE stock solutionDistilled deionized water Preparation Add 100 mL of the 5X TBE solution to 900 mL of distilled deionized water. Mix thoroughly before use. Limitations Although TBE and TAE are common electrophoresis buffers, there are  other options  for low-molarity conductive solutions, including lithium borate buffer and sodium borate buffer. The problem with TBE and TAE are that Tris-based buffers limit the electric field that can be used in electrophoresis because too much charge causes a runaway temperature.

Mitosis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mitosis - Lab Report Example The prepared and preserved slides were observed under the microscope. The different stages of the mitosis such as interphase, prophase, meta phase, anaphase and telophase of the cell along with the cytokinesis were identified and the stages were differentiated. Introduction: All the living things are made of cells. In a multi-cellular organism, two types of cell division occur: they are mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis or Somatic cell division is the process in which one cell divides into two equal cells with genetic identity. The cell division is necessary for the growth and development of the cells. The transformation of information from one generation to another is called heredity and the genes which are the fundamental part of the chromosome are responsible for the transformation. The chromosomes are present in pairs. Each pair is responsible for a specific part or function in the cell. These chromosomes are distributed equally in new cells during mitosis. Mitosis is thus described a s the chromosomal division. This chromosomal division is accompanied by the cytoplasmic division called as cytokinesis. The mitosis along with cytokinesis results in the formation of two daughter cells. This is also called as cell cycle. Cell cycle is the period in which the cell divides and becomes two daughter cells. ... There are four stages in mitosis. They are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. (Allen and Harper 2011). Prophase is the first stage of mitosis which is visible. The chromosomes, which are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm condense to form the distinct part. They are held in a single line. Metaphase is the stage in which the chromosome is attached to the centromere through the spindle fibril. The centromeres are connected to the centrioles and the centrioles pulls the chromatids to the opposite directions. This step initiates the cell division. Anaphase is the stage where the chromosomes move to the position of centriole. The chromosomes are seen as complete sets in the opposite side of the cell. Telophase is the last stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes begins to loosen itself from the thicker rigid structure into thin filaments. The division of the cytoplasm starts at this particular point. Materials required: Prepared slide of Allium root tip Prepared slide of whi te fish blastula. Microscope. Method: 1. The prepared slide of allium (onion) root tip was mounted on the microscope. 2. The 4x objective lenswas used to focus the centre of the slide. 3. The cells undergoing the four stages of mitosis such as prophase, metaphase , anaphase and telophase were identified in the slide using the 10x magnification. 4. Using the 40x magnification in the microscope, the distinct chromosomes and the other cell structures were identified. 5. Similarly, the whitefish blastula slide was mounted on the microscope and the blastula sections were observed using the 4x magnification. 6. Then 40 x magnification was chosen to examine the chromosomes. The cells in each phase of mitosis were identified. Result: For the Onion Root tip: 1. In the interphase stage, nucleus,

International Relations and how Iran has effected the Middle East Research Paper

International Relations and how Iran has effected the Middle East - Research Paper Example Situated in the Persian Gulf, Iran remains the region’s strongest military power and hosts the region’s largest population. Moreover, Iran is the Persian Gulf’s â€Å"main country straddling the strategic Strait of Hormuz through which† more than half of the world’s oil passes (Ramazini, 1979, p. 821). The Persian Gulf’s strategic position and Iran’s prominent political and geographical position within, makes Iran a very important actor in both regional and international security. The Persian Gulf joins Africa, Europe and Asia and connected to the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf also connects the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Moreover, Islam was born in the Persian Gulf and thus the culture of the Persian Gulf is profoundly characteristic of Islamic values (Sajedi, 2009). It is therefore hardly surprising that the Persian Gulf has come to be known as the â€Å"center of the Muslim world† (Sajedi, 2009, p. 77). Stagedi (2009) informs that: Owing to its strategic location, the Persian Gulf region has been the center of attention for traders, businessmen and big powers for a long time. The commercial interests, through shipment of goods from the Persona Gulf to the outside world and vice versa have made this region so important for big powers that wars have been fought over its control (p. 77). From 1700 hundreds forward, the Persian Gulf has been the focus of political and commercial competition among maritime factions in the West. When oil was discovered in the 1900s in the Persian Gulf, oil became another fortified the interest in the region. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Cold War saw competition between the US and the Soviet Union for power in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East generally. Until 1991 a climate of fear was perpetuated in the region over

Accessing Health and Social Care in the UK

Accessing Health and Social Care in the UK When the National Health Services (NHS) was founded in 1948, one of the principles was to provide complete services to all and free at the time of need in UK (nursing times.net 2009). Access to healthcare services is based on clinical needs of an individual and not the ability to pay the services. This means everyone has the rights of accessing to health and social care, although it is still a major problem for low social group and ethnic minority who are facing personal, socio economic, cultural and problems happening as results of the structure of health and social care processes (POSTNOTE 2007). In this essay, a case study will be used to demonstrate a patient with learning disability who faces various problems during his access to health and social care services and factors that contributed to these problems. Also it will focus on how nurses could support these individuals to make decisions about their care. The meaning of learning disability will be explained. The assignment will also look at major cultural and social economic influencing the health and health choices of individuals. Also it will analyze the differences between health education and health promotion and with their importance in individual in accessing health and social care. The challenges inherent in meeting the needs of people of varying abilities and social backgrounds will be look at as well as the factors that trigger the accessing of multi-professional health and social service. The essay will also discuss the understanding of the legislation related to the provision of health and social care, as a nu rse why are we needed to be aware of the inequalities in provision. A name mentioned in the case study has been changed in order to comply with the code of NMC (2008) and consent was obtained from the patient and the name Anil will be used in stead. Anil is a boy of eighteen years old who came to UK from South East Asia seven years ago. He lives with his parents in the housing estate of East London where majority are ethnic from South Asia. His father who earns minimum wages works in a food factory in six days a week, speaks English and his mother is a fulltime housewife and does not speak English, only Hindu. Anil was born with Asperger syndrome, a lifelong disability that affects how a person makes sense of the world, processes information and relates to other people. People with Asperger can find difficult to communicate and interacts with other (NAS 2010). Anil had never been to hospital in India and he was treated by traditional healers. He only started seeks medical assistance when he moved to UK. Anil physical condition has deteriorated recently. He does not eat well; look tired, sometimes suffered headache and finding difficult in sleeping. Since he came to UK, he had been to school for three years only and he never had friends. He does not mix well with other people and his parents do not bother about this. At times he lets himself become a little neglected. Anil represents a small and vulnerable group in a society who find difficulty in accessing and using health and social care because of the greater health care needs they have than general population. Motor and sensory disabilities, Epilepsy, hypertension and Alzheimers disease are some of the conditions that are common in this group (NURSING STANDARD 2010). The MENCAP report (DEATH IN DEFFERENCES 2007) states that people with learning disability are being treated wrongly in all part of healthcare provision and they are not equally valued in the health services. The government also revealed that people with learning disabilities are poorer particularly uptake of invitations on primary care and hospital provisions such as access screening services (ALD 200/01). Because of their greater needs of healthcare, they are more prone to a wide variety of additional physical and mental health problems as it shows to Anil. According to Tudor- Hart (cited in Hart 1985) there is an increasing in e vidence of an inverse care law where those who needs are greatest get the least. Learning Disability is a life long condition which has a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and it is vary from one person to another. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines learning disability as impairment of the body function which limits the activity of an individual in performing a task or action (WHO 2010) According to Thomas and Woods in their book Working with people with learning disabilities 11(2003), a learning disability is a terminology used to label people with lower level of intellectual that is lower than the average to normal people in the society. The term itself was widely accepted in England following a speech in 1996 to MENCAP by Stephen Dorrell, the then secretary for Health. From time to time the title and labels have changed and this has been driven by several influences. The term used to cover children with specific learning problems that may arises from a number of different things like emotional problems, medical problems and language impairment (BILD 2004). In the past, many people with learning disability were lived in institutions and have been labeled differently by their generations. Many different forms of terms have been used before. Terminology such as menace, sub- human organism, unspeakable objects of dread, holy innocent, diseased organism, eternal child and many more (WOLFENSBERGER,1972). There are about 1.5 million people with learning disability in UK who require different levels of support (MENCAP). It has been identified that approximately 26.5% of people who have learning disability as being associated with genetic factors (Craft et al 1985). Learning Disabilities is caused by problems during brain development before, during and after birth (RCSLT 2009). There are different types of learning disabilities some of which are Asperger syndrome (a specific type of Autism) which affect a person the way interact to the world, reading disabilities, writing disabilities, non verbal learning disabilities (NVLD) and many more (ALD 2000-2010), reading disability (dyslexia), speech and listening disability, and auditory processing disorder. It is often detected in early childhood. In UK there are laws and policies which describe how the needs of people with learning disabilities should be met. The purpose of these laws and policies is to improve quality of life and based on empowerment, making choices and decision, having the same opportunity and rights as other people and social inclusion. Policy such as` valuing people which explain how the government will provide same opportunity and choice for people with learning disabilities and their families to live full and independent lives as part of their local communities and to ensure they gain maximum life chance benefit ( DOH 2010). The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 which is a piece of legislation promotes the rights of people with learning disabilities to access healthcare and other care services. Healthcare providers must respect, support them and their families and conforms to professional standard (NHS 2006). It is the NHS duty to make sure they provide an equal service that can be easily accessed by anyone according to this Act. Most of the people with learning disabilities have sensory and physical impairment that make it hard to make their choices and to understand by others. A piece of legislation which protects them in England is Mental Capacity Act 2005 which is empowers and protects vulnerable people who are not able to make their own decision. People with learning disability will still have the right to give their consent for daily living and accessing the services despite of having significantly reduced ability to understand new learning skills (NURSING STANDARD 2010). If the person lack a capacity of giving or refusing consent, it is still possible for care providers to provide care and treatments for the best interest of the person (DOH 2003). A survey showed that nearly 62%of all people with learning disabilities depend on their parents and other caregivers (EMERSON et al 2005). However, healthcare providers have a duty to understand and recognize the needs of a person with learning disabilities and make sure their needs are met. It is a nursing role to work in partnership with the clients to overcome barriers by identifying what management and decision to represent the person mostly professionally although clients and their cares may make their own decision. People with learning disabilities in lower social classes are particularly disadvantage relative to the higher social classes in accessing healthcare services because of physical, social, psychological and economic barriers that limit their full participation in society. Acheson (1998) identified the links between inequalities and poor health. He noted that health inequalities were widening with the poorest in society being more affected than those who are well off. The post code lottery which depends on where you might live is a big issue in NHS. The availability of better treatment, drugs and waiting time in a deprived area where people depend on state healthcare provisions will carry on experience poor access to services and treatment than those who have the power of buying services in private services (GUARDIAN 2000). People from ethnic backgrounds experience healthcare service differently due to their lack of knowledge which can be limited by the ability to communicate in English. They may find challenge to enter healthcare services because it may require, for example making a telephone call, appointment, coping with a queuing system and complex procedures ( NHS 2006). Different in cultures attitude and stigma between where they came from and UK can impact Anils health. It is believed that South Asian parents dont have positive attitudes towards disabilities because religious and superstitious beliefs (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRIC 2003). Anils parents might not take his problem seriously because of their background and social stigma of having a child with disability (AUTISM-INDIA 2008). According to the report of Department of Health (2009) a review in development in tackling health inequalities of Acheson, recommended the improvement of living standards of people with lower income than average. Among the people in this group are people living in a deprived area and depend on social housing. Also people with learning disability may fail to get the necessary services because of lack of understanding about health issues articulating their needs based on their poor experiences of education system (Mathews 1996). Research carried out by Cartwright Obrien1976 found that General Practitioners spend far less time with their patients from lower classes ( cited in Hart 1985,p59). The situation may be more complex for service users who have little or no verbal communication and those with learning disability. A learning disability person may be unable to identify and describe the signs and symptoms requiring accurate medical attention. The information may not be presented in accessible format and the staffs may ask questions which can not understand (NURSING STANDARD 2010). Unavailability of an experience interpreter in the healthcare settings can be barrier. It can affect the sensitivity of patients values and attitudes. To use a professional interpreter can reassure patients to communicate and feel freer when describing their religious beliefs and unsatisfactory environment conditions but to healthcare professionals may feel disempowerment and may depend on interpreters in order to carry out their roles (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHTRIC 2003). Sometimes physical access may be an issue for people with learning disability; they find their appointment times are often too short to understand the system because of their difficulties and transport needs to access healthcare facilities are more distant. Practitioners may be given job in deprived areas with all facility available but they may be in the risks of vandalism, theft and anti social behavior (Thomson J et al 2003 p59). The aims of the government today in UK is convince individuals to be more involved in their health. But the problems with availability of health promotion services and involvements are some of concern due to the restructuring of health and social care for people with learning disabilities has been accelerated by NHS and community care Act (DOH 1990, Emerson Et al 1996 chap 11). For example, most of the health promotion discussion and activities to accessing suitable primary healthcare is focus on medical involvements such as immunization (Stanley et al 1998 p71). Some of this medical approach can lead to reinforced dependency for people with learning disabilities. Those with severe learning disabilities, their needs are becoming known to service providers through secondary and tertiary care after being referred by primary care. Among health promotion is prevention which is focusing on decrease of risk occurrence of diseases, disabilities and handicap. These activities occur in health care settings. Primary prevention is to prevent from risk factors such as obesity through education, exercise and diet. Primary prevention produces information on various health issues in pictorial and easily understandable format such as cancer. On secondary prevention, it involves identifies early signs of diseases occurring such as cancer screening and tertiary prevention is involves reducing the impact of the disease and promoting quality of life through active rehabilitation (Thomson et al 2003). Anils state of confusion may be caused a number of factors which might need further investigation. It is the duty of his General Practitioner (primary prevention) to refer him to hospital (secondary prevention) for investigation. A consultant may decide whether Anil has physical or mental illness. To deal with and removing barriers such as difficulty with interpersonal communication, health promotion will need to promote inclusion and reduce inequalities in service provision (Thomson et al 2003 p129). World Health Organization (2010) has made it clear that health promotion is the process of enabling individual to improve and increase control of their health. Many primary healthcare professional do not have skills to overcome this problem as results those people who have learning disabilities are less likely to receive lifestyle advice than those who do not have learning disabilities (Fitzsimmons Barr 1997). Learning disability nurses have a variety of skills in communication and observations which could be useful to teach other healthcare professionals in health and social care settings (Thomson et al 2003 p131) Health education as a part of health promotion is defined as a planned communication activities designed to attract well being and ill health in individuals and group through influencing the knowledge, belief, attitudes and behavior of those in power of the community at large (Tannahill 1985p167-8). For people with learning disabilities, health education might promote social inclusion through decreasing negative stereotyping by valuing and respecting their needs. On a more individual level, people who receive health education messages have a choice to decide whether to follow or not the message given (Thomson J et al 2003). Building partnerships between nurses, careers, other professional and people with learning disabilities is essential in order to promote and educating health by identifying their physical and mental health condition (DOH 1995). A partnership is not only the way to bring up to date statutory services but also is about developing and acknowledging the collective responsibility for the health and wellbeing of the community which they belong (Thomson J et al 2003, p102). Having the opportunity to make choice about their healthcare is critical to their sense of inclusion in society. It is also a key factor in allowing individual like Anil to feel in control of his life. The NMC (National Midwifery Council) code of 2008sets out number of responsibilities on nurses to promote choice and respect the decisions of those they care. Nurses need to help them making their choice by making some simple adaptations. The first step can be taking a little more time to explain something and giving the person with learning disability more time to understand what is being said (NURSING STANDARDS 2010, P53). Other approach could be the involvement of relative or paid career not to make choice on behalf of the person with learning disability but to use their knowledge of the person to help the care professional interpret or to explain treatment options. In all this processes, nurses need to ensure that they obtain consent before they begin assessment and treatment. Any decision to be taken by the staff must be in the interests of the person and must regard to his or her human rights. To conclude, the essay has set out key difficulties experienced by people with learning disabilities in accessing healthcare services and the gap between rich and poor who are accessing healthcare appear to be widening. People who have learning disabilities are generally underestimated and find themselves failure to succeed their expectation. They experience more health problems than any other group in a society but use healthcare services less than the general population (RODGER 1996). Inequalities in health for people with learning disabilities must be dealt with by healthcare providers in health care provision with the aim of closing the division between the general public experiences and this group. By using good quality of health care and respecting peoples rights to access, and making reasonable adjustment, the lives of people with learning disabilities can be changed. Healthcare providers have a duty to ensure that people with learning disabilities are offered regular checking and are included in health screening program.